{"id":39703,"date":"2025-09-23T06:00:41","date_gmt":"2025-09-23T10:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.veriheal.com\/blog\/?p=39703"},"modified":"2025-10-13T14:56:45","modified_gmt":"2025-10-13T18:56:45","slug":"indigenous-cannabis-tribal-operations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.veriheal.com\/blog\/indigenous-cannabis-tribal-operations\/","title":{"rendered":"Indigenous Cannabis Around The Country\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Earlier this year, the Indigenous Cannabis Industry Association (ICIA) and cannabis law firm Vicente LLP put out the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.indigenouscannabis.org\/cannabis-map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">first-ever map of tribal cannabis and hemp operations <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">around the country. Showcasing more than 100 operations, the map highlights the significant growth and potential opportunities for Indigenous-owned operations in the growing cannabis and hemp industries.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Squaxin Island Tribe in Washington State made history when it became the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newcannabisventures.com\/elevation-native-american-cannabis-dispensary\/#:~:text=The%20Squaxin%20Island%20Tribe%20in%20Washington%20will%20make%20history%20on%20November%2012th%20when%20it%20opens%20Elevation%20in%20Shelton.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">first in the nation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to open a tribal-owned cannabis shop in 2015. Since then, dozens of sovereign communities have joined the industry through cultivation, production, and retail.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The ICIA and Vicente LLP <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.indigenouscannabis.org\/cannabis-map#:~:text=approximately%2026%25%20of%20Indigenous%20communities%20in%20the%20continental%20U.S.%20are%20involved%20with%20cannabis%20or%20hemp%20programs.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">report that about 26%<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of Indigenous communities in the continental U.S. operate some form of cannabis or hemp program. Many of these communities have a unique advantage because their businesses operate on sovereign land, allowing them to establish their rules separate from their states&#8217; governing cannabis bodies.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Let\u2019s take a closer look at what\u2019s happening around the country:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><b>State-Tribe Agreements\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although tribal sovereignty plays a big role in the establishment of cannabis operations, much more is at play, including restrictions from state and federal laws. This means communities generally need to work together with overlapping governments to operate in ways that honor Indigenous sovereignty while adhering to certain state and federal regulations.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2013, the U.S. Department of Justice published a memo titled the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/iso\/opa\/resources\/3052013829132756857467.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cole Memorandum<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which instructed state attorneys not to pursue cannabis-related convictions unless they included violations of state law, such as providing cannabis to a minor or providing revenue to criminal enterprises, among other violations.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The following year, officials released a memo clarifying the rules of enforcement for tribal cannabis operations. Built on the framework of the Cole Memorandum, it reaffirmed that federal law enforcement, including cannabis, requires consultation with tribal partners. It also reinforced that <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vicentellp.com\/insights\/native-american-tribal-sovereignty-and-the-cannabis-industry\/#:~:text=It%20recognized%20that,federal%20enforcement%20priorities.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">tribal governments have a right to establish cannabis regulatory systems<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, so long as they stay aligned with federal enforcement priorities.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Both memos were later rescinded by a subsequent attorney general, but according to Vicente LLP, federal enforcement has not returned to pre-2013 levels. As a result, some tribes continue to negotiate compacts with their states to align their cannabis operations with outside enforcement priorities.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Washington state passed <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov\/biennium\/2015-16\/Pdf\/Bills\/Session%20Laws\/House\/2000.SL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">House Bill 2000<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in 2015, allowing the state government to enter into cannabis agreements with tribal governments. In 2023, Michigan Governor Whitmire signed <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legislature.mi.gov\/Bills\/Bill?ObjectName=2023-SB-0179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Senate Bill 179<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legislature.mi.gov\/Bills\/Bill?ObjectName=2023-SB-0180\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">180<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, allowing tribal governments to enter compacts with the state government for cannabis operations. Minnesota made similar strides in 2023, and in 2025, the White Earth Band of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe became the first to sign <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mn.gov\/ocm\/assets\/White_Earth_Band_OCM_Cannabis_Compact_Signed_tcm1202-685304.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the compact.\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Additionally, some tribal governments conduct cannabis operations on their sovereign land without any formal agreement with the state government. For example, Indigenous-owned cannabis dispensaries were <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2022\/03\/19\/native-american-tribes-new-york-cannabis-00016488#:~:text=State%20officials%20said%20it%20is%20legal%20for%20the%20tribes%20across%20New%20York%20to%20sell%20marijuana%20before%20regulators%20have%20adopted%20their%20own%20rules%20because%20the%20tribes%20have%20sovereignty.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">booming in New York<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a few years back because while the state retail regulations sat in limbo, tribes made their own regulations allowing them to begin retail sales before the rest of the state.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_39705\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39705\" style=\"width: 774px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-39705\" src=\"https:\/\/www.veriheal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/MConverter.eu_Tribal-Cannabis-and-Hemp-Programs-Map-300x214.png\" alt=\"Tribal Cannabis and Hemp Program\" width=\"774\" height=\"552\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.veriheal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/MConverter.eu_Tribal-Cannabis-and-Hemp-Programs-Map-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/www.veriheal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/MConverter.eu_Tribal-Cannabis-and-Hemp-Programs-Map-768x549.png 768w, https:\/\/www.veriheal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/MConverter.eu_Tribal-Cannabis-and-Hemp-Programs-Map.png 938w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 774px) 100vw, 774px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-39705\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: Indigenous Cannabis Industry Association (ICIA)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><b>Why Tribes Enter the Industry\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cannabis operations can bring in lots of employment and revenue opportunities for tribes. Although tribes with cannabis operations generally follow established requirements like age and purchasing limits, their sovereign status can provide unique benefits as well, such as the ability to reinvest some tax revenue back into the community itself.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sovereignty also allows some tribes to grow and sell cannabis in states without a legal cannabis market. For example, the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (ECBI) <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/foxchattanooga.com\/news\/local\/cherokee-tribe-ecbi-to-begin-recreational-marijuana-sales-next-60-75-days-august-september-2024-amend-cannabis-ordinance-chapter-17#:~:text=The%20Eastern%20Band%20of%20Cherokee%20Indians%E2%80%99%20Tribal%20Council%20voted%20Thursday%20morning%2C%20June%206%2C%20to%20amend%20its%20cannabis%20ordinance%20to%20now%20provide%20for%20adult%20use%20for%20recreational%20sales.%20The%20Tribe%20opened%20its%20medical%20marijuana%20dispensary%20in%20April.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">recently approved a cannabis ordinance amendment<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> allowing adult-use recreational sales. In April, the tribe opened a medical dispensary. However, North Carolina has not legalized medical or recreational cannabis.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The ICIA also notes that many of the clusters of programs on their map showcase Indigenous operations that are actively working together to create supply chains and distribution networks. Because the communities can establish their own rules and systems on their land, tribal cannabis enterprises can also create their own unique tribe-to-tribe networks.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>READ: <a class=\"sc-ciFRQG jVdmlA\" href=\"https:\/\/www.veriheal.com\/blog\/cannabis-and-native-american-tribes-from-sacred-rituals-to-economic-ventures\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Understanding Cannabis Use on Native American Reservations<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><b>Challenges for Tribal Cannabis\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">While Indigenous cannabis operations may present unique advantages due to self-governance, entering and operating in the industry also comes with unique challenges.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tribal attorney Paul Mooney says that tribes wanting to enter the cannabis industry are faced with unique barriers around obtaining licensing, financing, and banking. (While these are common problems among all cannabis businesses, Mooney argues that tribes face additional risk.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">He points out that tribes can be effectively <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/red.library.usd.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&amp;context=sdlrev#page=13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">locked out of the industry <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">because of its complex, highly regulated nature. If an Indigenous grower sells their product to a state-licensed retailer, for example, they may face prosecution for off-reservation transportation. Additionally, state-licensed retailers could risk their license should they purchase from a tribally owned, non-state-licensed grower. Because of these risks, Mooney suggests tribes enter state compacts.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">On top of typical banking-related challenges, cannabis operators face, tribes may also face additional challenges due to federal restrictions. Many Indigenous communities have <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2023\/10\/30\/investing\/native-american-economy-banking#:~:text=And%20I%20think,jobs%20they%20create.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">historically faced challenges<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in securing access to financial resources because of their complexities.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_39704\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39704\" style=\"width: 863px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-39704\" src=\"https:\/\/www.veriheal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Indian-country--300x163.png\" alt=\"Indian country\" width=\"863\" height=\"469\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.veriheal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Indian-country--300x163.png 300w, https:\/\/www.veriheal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Indian-country--1024x558.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.veriheal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Indian-country--768x418.png 768w, https:\/\/www.veriheal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Indian-country--1536x836.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.veriheal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Indian-country--2048x1115.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 863px) 100vw, 863px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-39704\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: National Atlas of The United States of America<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><b>Each Tribe Is Unique\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">While there are plenty of common themes across all tribal cannabis ventures in the United States, particularly around economic opportunities and challenges, it\u2019s important to note that no two tribes operate the same way.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Each self-governing tribe has its own way of operating and the ability to self-determine. This means that for the 26% Indigenous communities in the continental US involved in cannabis or hemp operations, each may have its own set of rules specific to the tribal government.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cannabis operations provide a unique pathway to economic development, presenting job opportunities and massive potential for tax revenue among Indigenous communities. Because tax revenue can be collected and reinvested back into the tribal economy, cannabis operations can boost crucial infrastructure like healthcare, housing, and education.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">MJ Biz Daily reported earlier this year that the total number of tribal-owned cannabis stores has <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mjbizdaily.com\/tribally-owned-cannabis-stores-have-grown-by-24-percent-since-may-2024\/#:~:text=The%20number%20of%20stores%20has%20grown%20by%2024%25%20since%20this%20time%20last%20year%2C%20demonstrating%20the%20continued%20appeal%20of%20cannabis%20for%20tribes%20diversifying%20their%20economies.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">increased by 24%<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> between 2024 and 2025. With the knowledge that more than 100 Indigenous tribes are involved in cannabis or hemp operations today, we can expect to see the number rise in the coming years.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Earlier this year, the Indigenous Cannabis Industry Association (ICIA) and cannabis law firm Vicente LLP put out the first-ever map of tribal cannabis and hemp operations around the country. Showcasing more than 100 operations, the map highlights the significant growth and potential opportunities for Indigenous-owned operations in the growing cannabis and hemp industries.\u00a0 The Squaxin&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":109,"featured_media":39706,"parent":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17911,254],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-39703","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-culture","category-lifestyle"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.1 (Yoast SEO v26.1.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Indigenous Cannabis: Tribal Operations Across the U.S.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore Indigenous cannabis operations across the U.S.\u2014how tribes use sovereignty to build dispensaries, and 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